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Next up is a lot of data, the cost of getting the data working in the brain is reading the data. What is repeated in this example of data is the same power struggle between criminals counterfeiting government and people employing actual government: discover the truth, employ the truth to hold to account outlaws such as the criminals who counterfeit governments.

"A corollary to the economic tyranny imposed by the Andros regime was the placing of political power into the hands of a tight-knit oligarchy, which filled all the public offices and used them for its own benefit. Public office generally provides a twofold economic privileged for its holder: the salary directly attendant on the job, and the additional economic benefits from wielding the power of office. Generally both sets of powers are used to the full by the rulers. From 1664 to 1689, for example, only twenty-one men held office in the appointed governor’s Council. Of these, ten were wealthy merchants of New York City basking in the monopoly privileges they helped to award themselves, two were wealthy lawyers of the city connected with the merchants, and four were high English officials in the bureaucracy.
A major economic grievance was Andros’ imposition of a mass of higher taxes, shortly after assuming power in New York. This included not only the quitrents, property, and excise taxes mentioned above, but also: a two percent import duty on English goods; a ten percent import duty on non-English goods; a three percent duty on salt; specific import duties on fur, tobacco, and liquor; and an added three percent duty on goods traveling up the Hudson River. Added to the New York port monopoly, this was a formidable grievance indeed. The reimposition in 1678 of the excise tax on liquor (which was canceled in 1676) also added to opposition to the tax levies.
The economic, political, and religious grievances all intensified the New Yorkers’ long-standing demand for a representative assembly. And New Yorkers were painfully conscious of the fact that theirs was the only English colony in America lacking such an assembly. Now the demand had spread from Long Island to the rest of the colony.
In 1681 the grievances against the Andros administration came to a head. Numerous charges had piled up against the governor. Twice Andros had been brought into court for appropriated confiscated goods for his own personal use – the court freed him only for lack of jurisdiction. In January, Andros was recalled to England to answer the charges, which included: favoritism in enforcing the Navigation Acts, fraud, private speculation, taxing the people without their consent and sometimes without the consent of his own Council, and denial of the right to jury trial. There were also charges of favoritism to leading Dutch merchants, particularly the two richest men in the colony: Frederick Philipse and O.S. Van Cortlandt. The duke’s agent sent to investigate the charges found them true, but Andros still managed to convince the Duke of York of his innocence.
In the meanwhile, however, Andros committed a very costly oversight. The hated customs duties imposed by Andros had expired in November 1680. The governor, in the press of preparing for his voyage home, neglected to order them renewed. This was the only opening that the embittered merchants needed. As soon as Andros left, with deputy governor Anthony Brockholls remaining in charge, one merchant after another refused to pay the duties, claiming rather speciously that Brockholls had no power to continue them in force. Brockholls himself was inclined to yield the point, even though Andros had told him to continue everything as before. Brockholls’ point was reinforced by the Council’s agreeing with the merchants that it had no authority to continue taxes.
Whilliam Dyer, the duke’s collector of customs at New York, determined to collect the duties nevertheless. After confiscating goods for nonpayment, Dyer was sued by a merchant he had victimized, and a grand jury indicted Dyer for high treason because he assumed “regal power and authority” by imposing taxes illegally. Even before Andros’ departure, the mayor’s court simply and illegally refused to try a smuggler, and Andros had disciplined that body. When Dyer challenged the jurisdiction of the Court of Assizes, the court shipped him to England to stand trial for treason, where he was, of course, promptly freed.
Dyer might be freed, but he was at least temporarily out of the country and the citizens of New York for a while had successfully revolted against payment of the oppressive duties. The revolutionary impetus now pressed on to a clamor for representative assembly. The old principle of no taxation without representation was put forward again. A mass petition was sent to the Duke of York, declaring the lack of an assembly as intolerable grievance.
All this pressure, loss of revenue, turmoil, and virtual rebellion now had its impact: it began to weary the duke. Advised by his Quaker friend William Penn to grant New York an assembly - “just give it self-government and there will be no more trouble” - the duke at last agreed. The duke retired Governor Andros, and replaced him with Col. Thomas Dongan, an Irish Catholic, with instructions to institute and assembly."
Page 373, 374
Conceived in Liberty, Murray Rothbard, 1979

A few months back I found data on William Penn in the context of George Washington's involvement in sparking (unleashing the dogs of war) the French and Indian War. It was William Penn in command of the Pennsylvania Colony whose Quaker principles managed to help in maintaining peace among the competitive Indian Nations, the French, the English Corporations North and South, and the British Monarchy (Nation-State, Empire) until his death, and then a change of regime more interested in seizing property for profit as in Monopoly, as in Profitable Monopoly where those in power claim ownership of people, or anything else worth the cost of resorting to crime.

Note the reference to both trial by jury and grand juries. Even as juries are stacked/packed with British Empire or Colony Empire Building investors, the principle remains to be a decentralization of power and a goal of holding outlaws accountable when employing common law principles such as formations and usage of grand and trial juries, as opposed to Summary JustUS Courts, where in this case the name of the Summary JustUS Court is Assizes, not Admiralty, Exchequer, Equity, or other name meaning the same thing.

Word of the day: appropriate
"take (something) for one's own use, typically without the owner's permission."

Josf-Kelley 8 Mar 2
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