Everything you mentioned. See, most kids lack the mechanism to defend themselves so they internalize the abuse. Yes, verbal abuse has a huge impact on a person self-esteem and in some cases last a life-time.
BTW, it doesn't help one bit when the parents dismiss the issue as "Is only a children thing."

Bitterness comes if you don't forgive, lack of confidence is a goal of the abuser, achieved if you allow it. Hatred of other sex, rejection of step children, self abuse, pitty, becoming abusive, angry, suicidal, violent. Many many things

Depends on the character of the person the abuser is trying to suppress.
I spent 6 years in a abusive relationship with a very good narcissistic man all the stops he had them. I if you read my bio, am a extremely bull headed stand my ground will not back down for nobody but GOD women. So after 2 or so years of trying to mentality break me down with very little (I had my trying days) to success, he went to the next stage physical abuse again me being me. Stand my ground I had not problem fist fighting a man dirty, I would give letting him think he got the better of me and knock him out with what I had put my hand on while he was knocking me around. (Good no survival yes) you see my view.
If a person is already weak because of padt abuse or just kind then the effects can be many and range far. From anger to weaker. When I left him I become a agresser to protect myself for a short time I was bless with mental stability (thank GOD EVERY I DO) we must find it in ourselves to read ourselves and heal ourselves the bible has many verses to help us along the way. I went to see someone she was great many are not so lucky meds or pushed, and bad advice, trust yourself you know you. Make a list of the good about the dislikes you have about praise the good every-day first thing in the morning pick one dislike and work on it for a month. You owe no-one but you. To better you.

Bullies do not want to fight. They want to beat down and oppress. So you must fight and you may use your rules never theirs. Think of any characteristic that goes with being beat down that is the result of successful bullying.